# Carbolite Gero ## Sections - [Products](https://www.carbolite.com/products/): Product catalogue - [Applications](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/) - [Contact & Services](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/) - [News](https://www.carbolite.com/news/) - [Company](https://www.carbolite.com/company/) - [Downloads](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/) ## API - [api.txt](https://www.carbolite.com/api.txt): How to read structured product data of this site ## More information # Carbolite > Carbolite manufactures laboratory and industrial ovens and furnaces from 30 to 3000 degrees Celsius: air-circulating and clean room ovens to 700 degrees Celsius, chamber and muffle furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius, tube furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius in universal, split, rotary, gradient and quenching configurations, and cold-wall vacuum furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius with graphite, molybdenum or tungsten hot zones. Chamber volumes run from 3 litres to more than 3000 litres and vacuum furnaces reach 5 x 10-6 mbar with partial pressure control from 10 to 1000 mbar under nitrogen, argon or hydrogen. The range includes dedicated coal and coke test equipment built to ISO, ASTM, BS and DIN methods, and furnaces for ashing, annealing, sintering, debinding, metal injection moulding, graphitization, pyrolysis, crystal growth, cupellation and thermocouple calibration. Users are quality control and research laboratories and production plants in aerospace, automotive, ceramics and glass, chemicals and plastics, electronics and energy, food and feed, medical devices and pharmaceuticals, steel and metallurgy, and materials research. Carbolite is the heat treatment brand of Verder Scientific, within the Verder Group. Carbolite was founded in 1938 in Hope, Derbyshire in the United Kingdom, became a limited company in 1956 and joined the Verder Group in 2012; Gero, founded in Neuhausen near Stuttgart, Germany in 1982, was acquired in 2013, and the two were combined in 2015. The Hope site builds ovens from ambient to 700 degrees Celsius and tube and chamber furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius, and the Neuhausen site builds vacuum and high temperature furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius. The company reports more than 100,000 installed products, over 210 employees, more than 90 partners and customers in over 100 countries, and supplies furnaces configured for Nadcap, SAE AMS 2750 and CQI-9 heat treatment audits. ## Chamber Furnaces for Laboratory and Industry - [Chamber furnaces for laboratory and industrial applications](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/): Explains that chamber furnace, box furnace and muffle furnace describe the same construction, and compares front, top and bottom loading across the laboratory, industrial, ashing and annealing ranges; wire elements reach 1000 - 1200 degrees Celsius, silicon carbide elements 1600 degrees Celsius and molybdenum disilicide elements 1800 degrees Celsius. - [Ashing furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/ashing-furnaces/): Compares the AAF at 1100 - 1200 degrees Celsius in 3 to 32 litres, the ABF at 800 degrees Celsius in 28 litres with an integrated afterburner and the GSM at 1100 degrees Celsius in 8 litres with a quartz chamber, for burning off combustible matter to leave ash for loss on ignition, X-ray fluorescence preparation and coal, food, plastics and petrochemical testing. - [AAF ashing furnace, 3 and 7 litres](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/ashing-furnaces/aaf-11-3-11-7/): Maximum 1100 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius continuous, chamber 3 litres at 90 x 150 x 250 mm or 7 litres at 90 x 170 x 455 mm, four-sided heating with wire elements behind an alumina liner, preheated air at 4 to 5 chamber changes per minute, EPC3016P1 programmable controller, 2100 W or 4000 W, 22 kg or 63 kg, to ISO 1171:2010, ASTM D3174 and ASTM D4422. - [AAF ashing furnace, 18 and 32 litres](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/ashing-furnaces/aaf-18-litre/): Maximum 1100 or 1200 degrees Celsius, chamber 18 litres at 235 x 196 x 400 mm or 32 litres at 250 x 280 x 450 mm, two-tier rack, silicon carbide tiles protecting the elements, two-sided heating with preheated air, EPC3016P1 controller, 7080 W or 9000 W, 70 kg or 100 kg; the 1200 degrees Celsius versions suit laboratories combining ashing with other heat treatment. - [ABF afterburner ashing furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/ashing-furnaces/abf/): Maximum 800 degrees Celsius in a 28 litre chamber with an independently controlled afterburner running to 950 degrees Celsius and rated for up to 40 g of carbon per load, two-tier baskets, silicon carbide shielded wire elements, EPC3016P1 controller and three-phase supply; intended for large or smoky samples such as biomass. - [GSM ashing furnace with quartz chamber](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/ashing-furnaces/gsm/): Maximum 1100 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius continuous in an 8 litre fused-quartz chamber with four-sided heating, Carbolite 301 controller, 3050 W and 57 kg, with an optional gas inlet; the quartz lining is chosen where alumina or silica dust would contaminate the analysis and where sulfuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid vapours are present. - [Industrial chamber furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/): Compares the GPC at 1200 - 1300 degrees Celsius in 131 to 400 litres, the SBCF at 1100 degrees Celsius in 512 to 3375 litres, the LCF at 1200 - 1400 degrees Celsius in 202 to 720 litres, the HB top hat at 1300 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 80 to 560 litres and the GPCMA retort furnace at 1000 - 1150 degrees Celsius in 37 to 245 litres, for batch heat treatment of steels and alloys, ceramic sintering, soldering and debinding. - [GPC general purpose industrial chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/gpc/): Floor-standing furnace at 1200 or 1300 degrees Celsius in 131, 200, 225, 300, 350 or 400 litres, with free-radiating coiled wire elements on two sides, the roof and under the hearth, EPC3016P1 controller with over-temperature protection fitted as standard and Ethernet; metallic retorts for modified atmosphere to 1100 degrees Celsius and AMS 2750 configuration are available. - [GPCMA modified atmosphere chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/gpcma/): Retort furnace whose maximum temperature depends on the retort alloy, 1000 degrees Celsius in 310 stainless, 1050 degrees Celsius in 314 stainless, 1100 degrees Celsius in Inconel 601 and 1150 degrees Celsius in Haynes 230, with retort working volumes of 37, 56, 117, 174, 208 and 245 litres, oxygen down to 30 ppm under nitrogen or argon, a 3508P1 controller with two-zone cascade and a water-cooled door seal; used for controlled-atmosphere stress relief of direct metal laser sintered parts. The optional vacuum to 10-2 mbar serves atmosphere exchange at room temperature only and is not for heat treatment under vacuum. - [HB top hat furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/hb/): Top hat furnace with usable volumes of 80 to 560 litres at 1300, 1600, 1700 or 1800 degrees Celsius, using iron-chromium-aluminium wire to 1300 degrees Celsius or molybdenum disilicide elements to 1800 degrees Celsius, EPC3016P1 controller with over-temperature protection, a floor load of 250 kg/m2 or 500 kg/m2 with the reinforced base, and bottom-loading HB-BL versions of 240 and 430 litres; used for debinding, sintering, annealing, ceramic injection moulding, degassing and tempering with access from three sides. - [LCF large industrial chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/lcf/): Large chamber furnace at 1200 or 1400 degrees Celsius with heavy-gauge wire elements in the roof and under the hearth at 1200 degrees Celsius or silicon carbide elements at 1400 degrees Celsius, EPC3016P1 controller, over-temperature protection, a double-skin case, a silicon carbide tiled hearth and a door interlock; pneumatic or electric doors, retorts to 1000 degrees Celsius and AMS 2750 configuration are available, and the LCF is frequently used as the basis for custom builds. - [SBCF static or bogie hearth chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/industrial-furnaces/sbcf/): Cubic chamber furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius with under-hearth heating plus free-radiating coiled wire elements on four sides, three-zone control using one EPC3008P1 master and two EPC3016 slaves, over-temperature protection and a silicon carbide tiled hearth, with an optional bogie or elevator hearth, temperature-interlocked door and vertical circulation fan; configurable to AMS 2750 for best uniformity. - [Laboratory chamber furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/): Compares the ELF at 1100 degrees Celsius in 6 to 23 litres, the CWF at 1100 - 1300 degrees Celsius in 5 to 65 litres, the RWF rapid heating range at 1100 - 1200 degrees Celsius in 5 to 23 litres, the RHF at 1400 - 1600 degrees Celsius in 3 to 35 litres, the BLF bottom loader at 1600 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 3 to 21 litres and the HTF at 1700 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 4 to 165 litres. - [BLF high temperature bottom loading furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/blf-high-temperature-bottom-loading-furnaces/): Hexagonal chamber of 3 to 21 litres at 1600, 1700 or 1800 degrees Celsius with elements in all six side walls, silicon carbide elements at 1600 degrees Celsius and molybdenum disilicide above, an electric elevator hearth with cage interlock for rapid heating and cooling cycles and an EPC3016P1 controller; used for sintering high-performance ceramics and melting glass, and the silicon carbide version is chosen for zirconia dental crowns at 1600 degrees Celsius because it does not discolour zirconia. - [CWF laboratory chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/cwf-standard-chamber-furnaces/): General-purpose bench furnace at 1100, 1200 or 1300 degrees Celsius in 5, 13, 23, 36 or 65 litres, with free-radiating wire-wound elements, a vertical lift door, an alumina hearth, an EPC3016P1 controller, temperature uniformity of plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius over a defined zone and powers from 2400 W to 14000 W; an A105 metallic retort gives modified atmosphere to 1100 degrees Celsius in Inconel or 1050 degrees Celsius in 314 stainless with oxygen down to 30 ppm, and must be ordered together with the furnace. - [ELF laboratory chamber furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/elf/): Bench furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius in 6, 14 or 23 litres with a drop-down door, ceramic chimney and ceramic hearth, free-radiating wire elements embedded in the chamber sides and a Carbolite 301 controller with single ramp, timer and delayed start; specified for light duty and general use rather than heavy or continuous production duty. - [HTF high temperature laboratory furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/htf-high-temperature-chamber-furnaces/): Molybdenum disilicide furnace at 1700 or 1800 degrees Celsius with bench models of 4, 5, 8 and 10 litres and floor-standing models of 27, 64, 128 and 165 litres, U-shaped hanging elements, ceramic fibre board insulation, an EPC3016P1 controller with 24 segments, fan cooling and a vertical lift door that is manual to 10 litres and electric above; maximum continuous temperature is 100 degrees Celsius below maximum, and the page warns that molybdenum disilicide elements may discolour zirconia. - [RHF high temperature laboratory furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/chamber-furnaces/laboratory-furnaces/rhf-high-temperature-chamber-furnace/): Silicon carbide element furnace at 1400, 1500 or 1600 degrees Celsius in 3, 8, 15 or 35 litres, typically reaching 1400 degrees Celsius in under 40 minutes, with an EPC3016P1 controller, a vertical lift door, a cast alumina hearth on the 3 and 8 litre models and a silicon carbide hearth above, powers from 4500 W to 16000 W; silicon carbide elements tolerate intermittent operation. - [Box furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/box-furnaces/): Overview of the Carbolite box furnace range from laboratory units at 1100 - 1300 degrees Celsius to high temperature models at 1700 - 1800 degrees Celsius with molybdenum disilicide elements and industrial chambers of hundreds of litres, covering aerospace and automotive heat treatment, ceramics, metallurgy and laboratory ashing, with sealed retorts and programmable logic controller options and reference to DIN 17052-1, AMS 2750 and CQI-9. - [Muffle furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/muffle-furnace/): Overview of muffle furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius explaining that wire elements serve 1000 - 1200 degrees Celsius, silicon carbide 1600 degrees Celsius and molybdenum disilicide 1800 degrees Celsius, that a small laboratory furnace can reach maximum temperature in as little as 20 minutes, and that touch-screen control, integral balances for thermogravimetric work and afterburners are available. ## Tube Furnaces - [Tube furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/): Entry point to the Carbolite tube furnace range covering universal, split, rotary, gradient and quenching families plus accessories, with a typical temperature uniformity tolerance of plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius over a specified tube length; tube furnaces suit smaller samples than chamber furnaces and are used for purification, coating, sintering, chemical vapour deposition, thermocouple calibration, fuel cell and catalyst work. - [Tube furnace accessories and configurations](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/accessories-configurations/): Index to work tube packages, work tube accessories, inert gas packages, vacuum pump packages, the hydrogen gas safety system and mounting configurations; a quotation requires the furnace model, work tube inner diameter, outer diameter, length and operating temperature. - [TG gradient tube furnace range](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/gradient-tube-furnaces/tg-range/): Multi-zone furnace to 1200 degrees Celsius with the TG2 at 125 mm diameter and 425 mm heated length in two 200 mm zones separated by a 25 mm barrier and the TG3 at 60 mm diameter and 600 mm heated length in three 150 mm zones separated by two 75 mm barriers, one EPC3016P1 controller per zone with 24 segments, type N thermocouples and 1860 W or 2000 W; the deliberate gradient suits chemical vapour deposition where the hottest zone vaporises and the coolest condenses. - [Rotary tube furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/rotary-tube-furnaces/): Compares the TSO batch oscillating furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius with 1 to 8 oscillations per minute through 314 degrees in each direction and the TSR continuous rotating furnace at 1150 degrees Celsius at up to 10 rpm, for heating and mixing flowing powders and granules under air, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen with safety equipment, or steam. These furnaces are not suitable for materials that become sticky at high temperature. - [TSO rotary reactor tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/rotary-tube-furnaces/tso/): Batch oscillating furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius with a 120 mm diameter quartz reaction vessel in 330, 530, 730 or 930 mm lengths giving 620, 990, 1360 or 1740 ml at a 16 percent fill fraction, heated lengths of 400 to 1000 mm in one or three zones, oscillation of 1 to 8 per minute through 314 degrees each way, EPC3016P1 or AriesPlus control and 1860 to 3810 W; it combines fluidised bed and rotary kiln behaviour for laboratory batch work. - [TSR rotating tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/rotary-tube-furnaces/tsr/): Continuous furnace at 1150 degrees Celsius with a 125 mm furnace diameter, 1000 mm heated length and 2000 mm work tube in one or three zones, rotation to 10 rpm, manual tilt to 6 degrees, a 5 litre hopper with vibratory feeder and a 5 litre collection hopper as standard and 6000 W; used for continuous processes such as torrefaction of biomass to bio-coal. - [Split tube furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/split-tube-furnaces/): Compares the TS at 1200 degrees Celsius with 150 to 1200 mm heated length, the FST and FZS at 1300 degrees Celsius with 200 to 4500 mm and the HTRV-A at 1600 - 1700 degrees Celsius with 120 to 700 mm; the hinged two-half body opens so that work tubes and reactors with fixed flanges can be changed without withdrawing them through the furnace. - [FST and FZS split tube furnace to 1300 degrees Celsius](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/split-tube-furnaces/fst-fzs/): Split furnace at 1300 degrees Celsius in diameters of 40, 70, 100, 150 and 200 mm and heated lengths of 200, 500, 1000, 1500 and 4500 mm, single zone as the FST or three zones as the FZS, with 5 mm APM wire elements, type S thermocouples, EPC3016P1 or CC-T1 control, uniform lengths of 100 to 800 mm at plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius and 1.5 to 60.0 kW; modified atmosphere, vacuum and the hydrogen safety system above 750 degrees Celsius are available. - [HTRV-A split tube furnace to 1700 degrees Celsius](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/split-tube-furnaces/htrv-a/): Vertical split furnace at 1600 or 1700 degrees Celsius with heated lengths of 120, 250, 500 or 700 mm, hanging molybdenum disilicide elements, type B thermocouples, an EPC3016P1 controller and tube outer diameters to 100 mm under modified atmosphere; supplied without a stand, with an optional L-stand, and used for sintering, debinding and crystal growth. - [TS split tube furnace range](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/split-tube-furnaces/ts-range/): Split furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius in diameters of 60, 125 and 200 mm and heated lengths of 150 to 1200 mm, single or three zone, with uniform lengths of 77 to 470 mm at plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius on the 60 mm models, type N thermocouples, EPC3016P1 or AriesPlus control and 750 to 11400 W; maximum continuous temperature is 100 degrees Celsius below maximum, and the 125 and 200 mm models must be ordered as vertical and cannot be converted by the user. - [Tube furnaces with quenching](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/tube-furnaces-with-quenching/): Compares the four integrated quench configurations, the automated IQ-S sledge, the vertical IQ-L drop quench into liquid, the IQ-M in which the furnace moves away from a stationary sample under high vacuum and the IQ-O with a cooled section of quartz tube, for metal hardening, microstructure control and thermal shock testing under controlled atmosphere. - [IQ-L vertical liquid quench system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/tube-furnaces-with-quenching/iq-l/): Vertical quench furnace at 1300, 1600, 1700 or 1800 degrees Celsius with furnace diameters of 50, 60, 70 or 80 mm and heated lengths of 250, 500 or 750 mm in one or three zones, water-cooled stainless steel flanges and a hook rotated 180 degrees to release the sample through a manual valve; water gives a very high cooling rate, oil a medium rate and gas a comparatively slow one. - [IQ-M automated furnace movement quench system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/tube-furnaces-with-quenching/iq-m/): Quench furnace at 1100, 1200 or 1300 degrees Celsius with furnace diameters of 50, 60, 80 or 110 mm and heated lengths of 250, 500 or 750 mm in one or three zones, in which an electric drive moves the furnace away from a stationary sample so that quenching proceeds while high vacuum down to 10-5 mbar is maintained; used for delicate or safety-critical parts such as stents. - [IQ-O open quartz tube quench system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/tube-furnaces-with-quenching/iq-o/): Three-zone quench furnace at 1100 or 1200 degrees Celsius with a 120 mm furnace diameter and 500 mm heated length, using a quartz tube that transitions into a double-walled water-cooled steel tube with the sample moved manually and cascaded thermocouples; samples can be loaded after process temperature is reached, and a safety system for 100 percent hydrogen is available. - [IQ-S sledge quench system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/tube-furnaces-with-quenching/iq-s/): Compact quench furnace at 1100 or 1200 degrees Celsius with a 110 mm furnace diameter and 500 mm heated length in one or three zones, using an automated transfer sledge between the heating and cooling zones under vacuum, inert or reactive gas, with sample holders in graphite, Inconel or APM; chosen for small, sensitive components needing repeatable automated quenching. - [Universal tube furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/): Compares the TF at 1100 - 1600 degrees Celsius, the FHA and FHC at 1350 degrees Celsius, the HTRH horizontal and HTRV vertical models at 1600 - 1800 degrees Celsius and the eight-zone AZ, all non-split designs in which the work tube is slid through the furnace body. - [AZ eight-zone tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/az/): Tube furnace with eight individually controlled zones monitored by eight thermocouples giving uniformity better than plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius over an extended length, touch panel control with optional Siemens programmable logic control and RS232, RS485 or Ethernet, and vacuum packages for tube inner diameters of 60 mm and above; used for controlled temperature profiles such as chemical vapour deposition gradients. - [FHA and FHC tube furnace to 1350 degrees Celsius](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/fha-fhc/): Universal furnace at 1350 degrees Celsius in diameters of 32, 50, 80 and 110 mm and heated lengths of 200 to 1250 mm, single zone as the FHA or three zones as the FHC, with 5 mm APM wire elements, type S thermocouples, EPC3016P1 or CC-T1 control, uniform lengths of 100 to 950 mm at plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius and 1.2 to 20.0 kW; usable horizontally or vertically on an L-stand. - [HTRH high temperature horizontal tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/htrh-htrh-3/): Horizontal furnace to 1800 degrees Celsius with heated lengths of 100, 150, 250, 300, 600 or 900 mm in one to three zones, hanging molybdenum disilicide elements and EPC3016P1 or CC-T1 control, accepting tube outer diameters to 100 mm under modified atmosphere and to 200 mm in air; no work tube is integral, and the three-zone HTRH-3 gives better uniformity. - [HTRV high temperature vertical tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/htrv/): Vertical furnace to 1800 degrees Celsius with heated lengths of 100, 250 or 500 mm, molybdenum disilicide elements, type B thermocouples and an EPC3016P1 controller, accepting tube outer diameters to 100 mm under modified atmosphere and to 200 mm in air, with the hydrogen safety system available above 750 degrees Celsius; supplied without a stand and used for sintering, debinding and crystal growth. - [TF tube furnace range](https://www.carbolite.com/products/tube-furnace-range/universal-tube-furnaces/tf-range/): Standard laboratory tube furnace at 1100, 1200 or 1600 degrees Celsius in diameters of 32, 60, 100 and 125 mm and heated lengths of 150 to 1200 mm, single or three zone, with uniform lengths of 58 to 1055 mm at plus/minus 5 degrees Celsius, type N thermocouples to 1200 degrees Celsius and type R at 1600 degrees Celsius, EPC3016P1 or AriesPlus control and 575 to 8000 W; maximum continuous temperature is 100 degrees Celsius below maximum and ceramic work tubes are limited to a 5 degrees Celsius per minute ramp. ## Vacuum and High Temperature Furnaces - [Vacuum furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/): Entry point to the cold-wall vacuum range in chamber, hood, bottom loader, laboratory and tube configurations, where molybdenum hot zones reach 1600 degrees Celsius, tungsten 2200 degrees Celsius and graphite 2200 degrees Celsius with 3000 degrees Celsius available on request, under argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide or helium from rough to ultra-high vacuum. - [Vacuum bottom loader furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/bottom-loader-furnaces/): Compares the HTBL MO/W at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius in 60 litres with metal insulation and the HTBL GR at 2200 degrees Celsius in 50 to 200 litres with graphite insulation, both loaded from below so that large or heavy charges can be placed on a hydraulic hearth. - [HTBL GR bottom loading furnace with graphite insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/bottom-loader-furnaces/htbl-gr/): Graphite element and graphite felt furnace at 2200 degrees Celsius, or 3000 degrees Celsius on request, in 50, 80 or 200 litres with a single heating zone, pyrometer plus sliding thermocouple, a hydraulic bottom hearth that rotates 90 degrees outward and a water-cooled vessel, under nitrogen, argon or hydrogen at slight overpressure or controlled partial pressure. Operation in air is not possible, and carbon-sensitive samples require a metallic furnace instead. - [HTBL MO and HTBL W bottom loading furnace with metal insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/bottom-loader-furnaces/htbl-mo-htbl-w/): All-metal furnace at 1600 degrees Celsius with molybdenum shields and elements or 2200 degrees Celsius with tungsten, in 60 litres with a hot zone of 400 mm diameter by 500 mm heated length, nine radiation shields and a single mantle heater, reaching atmosphere purity of 6 N or better; heating elements become brittle after reaching maximum temperature. - [Vacuum chamber furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/chamber-furnaces/): Compares the HTK metal version at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius in 8 to 120 litres, the HTK GR graphite version at 2200 degrees Celsius in 8 to 600 litres and the HTK KE ceramic fibre version at 1350 degrees Celsius in 8 to 600 litres, all front-loading cold-wall designs. - [HTK GR vacuum chamber furnace with graphite insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/chamber-furnaces/htk-gr/): Graphite element and insulation furnace to 2200 degrees Celsius, or 3000 degrees Celsius on request under inert gas with a pyrometer, in 8, 25, 80, 220, 400 or 600 litres with a water-cooled cold-wall vessel, under rough or fine vacuum, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen or carbon monoxide, with an optional graphite retort giving uniformity better than plus/minus 10 degrees Celsius. The 8 and 25 litre sizes serve research and the larger sizes pilot and production work; it is not for oxygen atmospheres and carbon-sensitive samples need a metallic furnace. - [HTK KE vacuum chamber furnace with ceramic fibre insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/chamber-furnaces/htk-ke/): Ceramic fibre insulated furnace using iron-chromium-aluminium elements to 1350 degrees Celsius or molybdenum disilicide to 1800 degrees Celsius, in 8, 25, 80, 220, 400 or 600 litres, running in air, a defined oxygen mixture or 100 percent oxygen; it is intended for debinding and sintering in air and for ceramic injection moulding, and is not suitable for high or clean vacuum, where only the rough range for short durations is possible. - [HTK MO and HTK W vacuum chamber furnace with metal insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/chamber-furnaces/htk-mo-htk-w/): All-metal front-loading furnace with usable volumes of 8, 25, 80 and 120 litres, molybdenum to 1600 degrees Celsius and tungsten to 2200 degrees Celsius, retort spaces from 160 x 180 x 180 mm to 380 x 400 x 770 mm, one heating zone on the 8 and 25 litre models and four above, vacuum to 5 x 10-6 mbar with a leakage rate below 10-3 mbar l/s on the high-vacuum upgrade and partial pressure from 10 to 1000 mbar; chosen for carbon-free atmospheres, metal injection moulding, thermal debinding and sintering of stainless steel, 316L and titanium, which cannot be processed in graphite. - [Vacuum hood furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/hood-furnaces/): Compares the all-metal HBO at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius in 10 to 60 litres and the V-L at 1050 degrees Celsius in 7.5 to 170 litres, both top hat designs in which the heated hood is lifted off the load. - [HBO top hat vacuum furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/hood-furnaces/hbo-mo-hbo-w/): All-metal top hat furnace at 1600 degrees Celsius in molybdenum or 2200 degrees Celsius in tungsten with nine radiation shields and three individually controlled zones covering mantle, top and bottom, reaching better than 5 x 10-6 mbar with ultra-high vacuum on request, partial pressure from 10 to 1000 mbar and gas purity of 6 N or better, with a double-wall water-cooled vessel and the pumping unit attached from below; selected where highest purity and lowest pressure matter most. - [V-L top hat vacuum furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/hood-furnaces/vl/): Top hat furnace at 1050 degrees Celsius in four sizes of 7.5, 28, 95 and 170 litres with hot zones from 180 x 300 mm to 450 x 1100 mm, maximum loads of 10 to 100 kg and 15 to 100 kW, using iron-chromium-aluminium elements with ceramic fibre insulation rather than metal or graphite, three zones, a quartz retort, a turbomolecular pump and a 19 inch touch panel; cooling lifts the furnace off the quartz hood and a motorised flap creates a chimney effect, and the page reports 38 percent lower oxidation on laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V samples under high vacuum than at atmospheric pressure. - [Vacuum laboratory furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/laboratory-furnaces/): Compares the LHTM and LHTW at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius with metal insulation and the LHT GR at 2200 - 3000 degrees Celsius with graphite, both in 1.5 to 10 litres for research-scale work; the simplest models need only power and a vacuum pump, while higher temperatures also require gases, cooling water, compressed air and an exhaust hood. - [LHT GR laboratory vacuum furnace with graphite insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/laboratory-furnaces/lhtg/): Cylindrical top-loading laboratory furnace reaching 3000 degrees Celsius under argon with a pyrometer and sliding thermocouple, in 1.5 to 10 litres with a single mantle graphite heater and a water-cooled double-wall vessel, vacuum below 5 x 10-6 mbar, partial pressure from 10 to 1000 mbar, overpressure to 100 bar and uniformity better than plus/minus 10 K; graphite is used throughout, so carbon-sensitive work needs the metal version. - [LHTM and LHTW laboratory vacuum furnace with metal insulation](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/laboratory-furnaces/lhtm-lhtw/): All-metal laboratory furnace at 1600 degrees Celsius in molybdenum or 2200 degrees Celsius in tungsten, in 1.5 to 10 litres with nine radiation shields and a single mantle heater using molybdenum sheets as standard or a mesh heater on request, vacuum below 5 x 10-6 mbar with ultra-high vacuum on request, partial pressure from 10 to 1000 mbar and uniformity better than plus/minus 10 K; chosen for the highest atmospheric purity in a laboratory-size unit. - [Vacuum tube furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/tube-furnaces/): Hot-wall vacuum tube furnaces in which the work tube is a consumable; for vacuum operation at 1450 degrees Celsius the maximum tube inner diameter is restricted to 88 mm, and larger sizes or higher temperatures require a cold-wall chamber furnace instead. - [HTRH-H2 hydrogen tube furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/vacuum-furnace/tube-furnaces/htrh-h2/): Tube furnace running to 1600 degrees Celsius in up to 100 percent hydrogen, based on the HTRH 16/100/600 with a ceramic tube and water-cooled flanges, an inert flooding tank, a propane and compressed air afterburner, a hydrogen sensor and SIL2 rated safety; above 1800 degrees Celsius in hydrogen a cold-wall furnace must be chosen instead. ## Ovens and Drying Ovens - [Laboratory and industrial ovens to 700 degrees Celsius](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/): Entry point to the Carbolite oven range in laboratory, industrial, clean room and atmosphere-controlled categories, with natural or fan convection and optional atmosphere control, built to BS EN 61010-2-010. - [HTMA controlled atmosphere oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/atmosphere-controlled-ovens/htma/): Forced-air oven at 400, 500, 600 or 700 degrees Celsius in 28, 95, 220, 500 or 1000 litres with a rear fan and side air guides giving horizontal airflow, oxygen down to 50 ppm, a stainless interior, perforated shelves and a 10 mm gas inlet at a maximum of 2 bar, with a Carbolite 301 controller as standard and EPC3016P1, CC-T1, EPC3008P10 or nanodac optional; it is for inert atmospheres and not for reactive gases. - [Clean room ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/clean-room-ovens/): Compares the CR at 250 degrees Celsius in 30 to 220 litres for ISO 14644-1 Class 5 and the HTCR at 400 - 600 degrees Celsius in 28 to 1000 litres for Class 6, with silicone door seals, sealed insulation and a brushless fan motor; the class table maps ISO 14644-1 classes 5 to 8 against BS 5295 grades E to K and Federal Standard 209E classes 100 to 100,000, and the highest classes are best installed in the grey area as a pass-through. - [HTCR high temperature clean room oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/clean-room-ovens/htcr-high-temperature-clean-room-ovens/): Sixteen standard models at 400, 500 or 600 degrees Celsius across five sizes from 28 to 1000 litres, with a double-skin construction, a 301 controller and over-temperature protection as standard, meeting ISO 14644-1 Class 6 as standard and Class 5 as an option. - [Industrial ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/industrial-ovens/): Compares the GP at 300 degrees Celsius in 220 to 450 litres, the HT at 400 - 700 degrees Celsius in 28 to 350 litres, the LGP at up to 600 degrees Celsius in 500 to 13820 litres and the HRF air recirculating oven at 750 degrees Celsius in 22 to 324 litres, all forced convection and configurable for Nadcap AMS 2750 and CQI-9 audits. - [GP general purpose industrial oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/industrial-ovens/gp-general-purpose-ovens/): Forced convection oven at 300 degrees Celsius in three sizes with vertical airflow in the A version or horizontal in the B version, a 430 stainless liner, mineral-insulated elements and a 301 controller, available configured to AMS 2750; used for production drying and curing where uniformity to 300 degrees Celsius is the priority. - [HT high temperature industrial oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/industrial-ovens/ht-high-temperature-industrial-ovens/): Robust oven at 400, 500, 600 or 700 degrees Celsius in 28, 95, 220 or 350 litres with a stainless liner and a 301 controller, with a stoving and curing option adding 1500 W, available configured to AMS 2750; used for annealing and sintering at oven temperatures. - [LGP large general purpose industrial oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/industrial-ovens/lgp-large-general-purpose-ovens/): Large batch oven from 500 to 13,820 litres running to 600 degrees Celsius, with a 3216CC PID controller, Ethernet, over-temperature protection as standard, heavy-duty impellers and shelf runners to 1000 litres, available configured to AMS 2750. - [Laboratory ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/laboratory-ovens/): Compares the PN natural convection oven at 300 degrees Celsius in 27 to 215 litres, the PF fan convection oven at 300 degrees Celsius in 28 to 230 litres and the LHT at 400 - 600 degrees Celsius in 30 to 120 litres, built to BS EN 61010-2-010; natural convection suits powders that a fan would disturb while fan convection gives better uniformity and recovery. - [LHT high temperature laboratory oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/laboratory-ovens/lht/): Bench-mounted oven at 400, 500 or 600 degrees Celsius in 30, 60 or 120 litres with a heavy-duty convection fan, a brushed stainless interior, two shelves and an R38 PID controller, suitable for continuous operation. - [PF fan convection laboratory oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/laboratory-ovens/pf/): Fan convection bench oven at 300 degrees Celsius in four sizes from 28 to 230 litres with an R38 PID controller and two nickel-chrome shelves, built to BS EN 61010-2-010; the fan gives better uniformity and faster recovery after door opening than natural convection. - [PN natural convection laboratory oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/ovens/laboratory-ovens/pn-lab-oven/): Natural convection oven at 300 degrees Celsius in 27, 57, 115 or 215 litres with uniformity of plus/minus 7.0 degrees Celsius at 300 degrees Celsius, stability of plus/minus 0.5 degrees Celsius, heat-up in 52 to 58 minutes, recovery in 8.5 to 10 minutes, two shelves fitted with capacity for 3 to 15, powers of 750 to 2250 W and weights of 37 to 96 kg, with an R38 PID controller, built to BS EN 61010-2-010; chosen where a fan would disturb powders or risk cross-contamination. - [Drying ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/drying-ovens/): Selection guide for moisture removal across the PN and PF at 250 - 300 degrees Celsius, the LHT at 400 - 600 degrees Celsius, the GP at 300 degrees Celsius, the LGP to 13820 litres, the HT at 400 - 700 degrees Celsius, the CR at 250 degrees Celsius, the HTCR at 400 - 600 degrees Celsius, the CD coal drying ovens and the HTMA, noting that stoving and curing applications require EN 1539 and that delicate powders need a fan-speed option. ## Application-Specific Furnaces - [Annealing furnaces and ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/annealing-furnaces/): Selection guide by atmosphere, covering air annealing from 600 to 1800 degrees Celsius, inert gas annealing from 600 to 2200 degrees Celsius and vacuum annealing from 1000 to 2200 degrees Celsius, with reference annealing and melting temperatures of 300 - 410 and 660 degrees Celsius for aluminium, 371 - 649 and 1084 degrees Celsius for copper and above 1000 and 1400 - 1510 degrees Celsius for stainless steel. - [GLO retort annealing furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/annealing-furnaces/glo/): Hot-wall retort furnace to 1100 degrees Celsius in 5, 10, 40, 75, 120, 260, 400, 550, 600, 850, 950 or 1300 litres, with iron-chromium-aluminium APM elements in ceramic fibre outside a 1.4841 retort and two heating zones, a vacuum-tight retort with pre-vacuum, roots or turbomolecular options and nitrogen, inert gas, air or forming gas, and hydrogen above 4 percent with a SIL2 certified system; used for annealing, degassing, hardening, tempering, pyrolysis and thermal debinding before sintering, with vertical VGLO and mobile variants. - [Application specific furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/application-specific-furnaces/): Index to the furnaces built for a single named test or process, covering the ABA asphalt binder analyser, the MTT carbon-14 and tritium furnace, coal and coke test equipment, the BV-HTRV crystal growth furnace, metal injection moulding furnaces, precious metal furnaces and the PTC thermocouple calibration furnace. - [ABA asphalt binder analyser](https://www.carbolite.com/products/asphalt-binder-analyzer/aba/): Determines asphalt binder content by ignition on samples up to 4.5 kg, with test times of 20 minutes for 6 mm aggregate to 45 minutes for 40 mm, a balance resolution of 0.1 g, two sets of sample baskets, a 5.7 inch touchscreen controller, an afterburner and USB and printer output, to AASHTO T 308, ASTM D6307 and BS EN 12697-39. - [Crystal growth furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/bridgman-crystal-growth-furnaces/): Bridgman and Stockbarger furnaces for single-crystal growth, covering the tube-based BV-HTRV to 1800 degrees Celsius, cold-wall KZA-V models at 1600 - 2000 degrees Celsius with three or four graphite zones and special builds to 2200 degrees Celsius with an indium-gallium bath, and the five-zone KZA-ST Stockbarger at 1600 degrees Celsius, with pulling rates of 0.03 to 50 mm/h, rotation of 1 to 5 per minute and orientation from 0 to 90 degrees. These furnaces are not intended for hydrated or anhydrous salts or for most organic crystals. - [BV-HTRV Bridgman crystal growth furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/bridgman-crystal-growth-furnaces/bv-htrv/): Vertical tube furnace at 1600, 1700 or 1800 degrees Celsius with accessory tube diameters of 70 or 100 mm and a 250 mm heated length at 5 or 6.5 kW, hanging molybdenum disilicide elements, type B control thermocouples and a Eurotherm 3508 programmer with RS232 and RS485, pulling from 0.00001 mm/s with a fast move of about 10 mm/s; vacuum operation is possible to 1450 degrees Celsius and inert atmosphere to 1800 degrees Celsius. - [MTT carbon-14 and tritium furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/carbon14-tritium-furnace/mtt/): Two-zone tube furnace taking samples up to 20 ml, supplied with two quartz work tubes, six combustion boats, twelve glass bubblers and six copper wire catalysts, with a Eurotherm 3508P1 controller with 20 segments and RS485 and over-temperature protection on both zones; it contains no plastic or rubber parts and is used on concrete, steel, graphite and botanical samples as well as free water. - [Carbonization furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/carbonization-furnaces/): Furnaces for converting organic precursors into carbon-rich material under oxygen-free, vacuum, inert or reactive atmospheres, covering laboratory tube furnaces with ceramic fibre insulation and the graphite-insulated HTK GR at 2200 degrees Celsius in 8 to 600 litres and LHT GR at 2200 - 3000 degrees Celsius in 1.5 to 10 litres, with afterburner and igniter options; applications include carbon-carbon composites and battery components. - [Debinding furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/debinding-furnaces/): Selection guide for binder removal before sintering, covering air debinding on the AAF at 1100 - 1200 degrees Celsius, gas debinding on the GLO at 900 - 1100 degrees Celsius in 10 to 1300 litres, the TF at 1100 - 1600 degrees Celsius, the HB at 1600 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 80 to 560 litres and the HTF at 1700 - 1800 degrees Celsius, and catalytic debinding on the EBO at 150 degrees Celsius in 120 to 250 litres, across the room temperature to 200 degrees Celsius, 200 to 600 degrees Celsius and above 600 degrees Celsius stages, with afterburner, condensate trap, catalytic converter and heated gas outlet options. - [Graphitization furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/graphitization-furnace/): Furnaces for transforming amorphous carbon into crystalline graphite above 2500 degrees Celsius, covering the HTK GR at 2200 degrees Celsius in 8 to 600 litres and the LHT GR at 2200 - 3000 degrees Celsius in 1.5 to 10 litres, both with graphite insulation, elements and retort, under vacuum, inert or reactive gas with an optional afterburner. - [Metal injection moulding furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/metal-injection-moulding-mim/): Covers the full metal injection moulding heat treatment chain with the EBO at 150 degrees Celsius in 120 to 250 litres for catalytic debinding, the GLO at 900 - 1100 degrees Celsius in 10 to 1300 litres for thermal debinding and the HTK at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius in 8 to 120 litres for debinding and sintering, with the HTK 120 loading three stacks of twenty 380 x 240 x 0.5 mm trays, cycle times of 30 hours for the two-furnace route or 32 hours for the three-furnace route, partial pressure of 100 to 1000 mbar in argon, nitrogen or hydrogen, backbone binder removal at 300 - 600 degrees Celsius, sintering about 20 percent below melting point and shrinkage of 15 to 22 percent, with stored programs for 316L, CrMo4 and 8620; titanium requires pure argon or high vacuum. - [EBO catalytic debinding furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/metal-injection-moulding-mim/ebo/): Catalytic debinding furnace at 150 degrees Celsius in 120 litres with a usable 400 x 400 x 700 mm or 250 litres at 500 x 500 x 1000 mm, using nitric acid vapour in nitrogen with the nitrogen flow held above the acid flow, a water-heated double-wall vessel, a circulation fan, a dual-stage gas afterburner and a touch panel, debinding at 1 to 4 mm/h with the acid reacting from 120 degrees Celsius; it removes the catalytic binder from Catamold green parts and does not perform thermal or backbone binder removal, which is done in the GLO or HTK. - [Precious metal furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/precious-metal-furnaces/): Compares the CF cupellation furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius in 10 to 43 litres and the SCF smelting furnace at 1400 degrees Celsius taking up to 8 crucibles of 120 mm outer diameter by 180 mm or up to 48 crucibles of 79 mm by 97 mm, for purity assay and for melting and smelting in jewellery, recycling and industry. - [CF cupellation furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/precious-metal-furnaces/cf-cupellation-furnaces/): Fire assay furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius in 10 to 43 litres with silicon carbide elements above and below the chamber, a silicon carbide lined roof and hearth, preheated airflow through an adjustable valve, a lead-condensate container and a seven-day time switch, charging 15, 24 or 50 size 8 cupels or 24, 32 or 72 size 6 cupels, to ISO 11426 as referenced by the UK Assay Office and the Vienna Convention on hallmarking; a fume management system is required. - [SCF smelting furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/precious-metal-furnaces/scf-smelting-furnaces/): Top-loading crucible furnace at 1400 degrees Celsius in single-chamber SCF 1 and twin-chamber SCF 4, 8, 24 and 48 versions, taking up to 8 crucibles of 120 mm outer diameter by 180 mm or up to 48 of 79 mm by 97 mm, with silicon carbide elements behind silicon carbide tiles, alumina crucible supports on the SCF 4 and 8, a 24 hour and 7 day timer and a 50 mm chimney per lid. - [Pyrolysis furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/pyrolysis-furnaces/): Furnaces for thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen, covering the GLO at 1100 degrees Celsius, the LHT GR at 2200 - 3000 degrees Celsius in 1.5 to 10 litres and the TF at 1100 - 1600 degrees Celsius and TS at 1200 degrees Celsius tube furnaces with heated lengths of 150 to 1200 mm, under inert or reactive gas or rough to high vacuum, with afterburner, igniter and condensate trap options; applications include biomass, biochar, activated carbon and polymers. ## Coal and Coke Test Equipment - [Coal and coke test equipment](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/): Reference test furnaces and ovens for coal laboratories, inspection companies, power plants and steelworks, covering the CAF G5 ash fusibility furnace at 1600 degrees Celsius, the MFS minimum free space oven at 210 degrees Celsius, the VMF volatile matter furnace at 1000 degrees Celsius, the SNF swelling number furnace at 900 degrees Celsius, the CD drying ovens, the CRF carbon dioxide reactivity furnace at 1000 degrees Celsius and the AAF ashing furnace, built to ISO, ASTM, EN, BS and DIN methods. - [CAF G5 ash fusibility test furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/coal-ash-fusibility-test-furnace/): Tube furnace to 1600 degrees Celsius taking up to 8 samples in a 79 mm inner diameter work tube, with integral silicon carbide elements, automatic digital image capture every 1 to 20 degrees Celsius, an embedded Windows IoT computer and a multiple-PID programmer, run under oxidising or reducing gas with flow meters and an optional work-tube light, to ISO 540, ASTM D1857, DIN 51730, DD CEN/TS 15370-1 and PD CEN/TR 15404; biomass and solid recovered fuels are supported with manual analysis only. - [MFS minimum free space oven](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/mfs/): Moisture oven to 210 degrees Celsius with a 1.4 litre aluminium chamber testing at 105 to 110 degrees Celsius, with a 132 PID controller, flow meters and optional over-temperature protection, run under nitrogen in the ISO version to BS 1016-104.2, BS ISO 687 and BS ISO 11722 or under air in the ASTM version to ASTM D3173; an optional nitrogen desiccator is available. - [Coal and coke pilot plant testing equipment](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/pilot-plant/): Pilot-scale equipment for coking, coke reactivity and strength, iron ore reducibility, Gray-King assay and low-temperature disintegration, comprising the SHO, CRI, CSR, CTO 7, MWO, GK, IOR, GLO, LTD and IOT units alongside the bench-top proximate analysis range. - [SNF swelling number index furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/snf-swelling-number-index-furnces/): Furnace to 900 degrees Celsius taking a 17 ml crucible, with a 132 PID controller, a 30 mA residual current device because tests run with the door open, a wire crucible holder and optional over-temperature protection, to BS ISO 501 for crucible swelling number and ASTM D720 for free-swelling index of hard coal. - [Coal and coke testing standards overview](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/standards-overview/): Lookup table mapping each coal, coke and iron ore test standard to the Carbolite model that performs it, covering ASTM D1857, D2013, D2014, D2961, D3173, D3174, D3175, D3302, D5341 and D720, BS 1016 and BS 6043, BS ISO 1171, 11722, 13909, 13930, 4695, 4696, 4698, 502, 540, 562, 579, 687, 7215 and 7992, and ISO 12981-1, ISO 18894 and ISO 609. - [VMF volatile matter furnace](https://www.carbolite.com/products/coal-coke-test-equipment/vmf-volatile-matter-furnaces/): Furnace to 1000 degrees Celsius with a 50 mm diameter by 100 mm deep chamber, in a top-loading VMF/ASTM version to ASTM D3175 supplied with an Inconel crucible, lid and wire holder, and a front-loading VMF 10/6 version to ISO 562 with a soft-close vertical-lift door and calibration ports, with optional 4- or 9-crucible racks, over-temperature protection, digital communications or a nanodac recorder; it determines volatile matter in coal for proximate analysis. ## Modified Atmosphere and Vacuum Options - [Modified atmosphere and vacuum equipment](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/): Entry point to the atmosphere and vacuum options across ovens, chamber furnaces, tube furnaces and vacuum furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius, covering work tube packages and accessories, inert gas packages, vacuum pump packages, the hydrogen gas safety system and chamber furnace retorts. - [Modified atmospheres in laboratory and industrial furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/introduction/): Explains that nitrogen is inert below 1800 degrees Celsius while argon remains usable above it, that reactive gases include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia and methane and oxidising gases include oxygen and nitrous oxide, that hydrogen autoignites at about 500 degrees Celsius and that forming gas is limited to 5 percent hydrogen above which a gas safety system is required; it defines rough vacuum from 1000 to 1 mbar by rotary vane pump, fine vacuum from 1 to 10-3 mbar by roots pump, high vacuum from 10-3 to 10-7 mbar by turbomolecular pump and ultra-high vacuum below 10-7 mbar, and notes that evacuation should take place only at ambient temperature. - [Oven and chamber furnace options for modified atmospheres](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/chamber-furnace-oven-options/): Covers the HTMA oven to 700 degrees Celsius reaching 50 ppm oxygen, the A105 silicone-sealed retort for CWF chamber furnaces to 1100 degrees Celsius in Inconel or 1050 degrees Celsius in 314 stainless reaching 30 ppm oxygen with tabulated internal dimensions for the 13, 23, 36 and 65 litre models, the GPCMA retort at 1000 - 1150 degrees Celsius in 37 to 245 litres and the GLO vacuum-tight retort, together with custom builds such as a 1000 litre Hastelloy C-2000 retort limited to 1000 degrees Celsius. - [Hydrogen gas safety system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/hydrogen-gas-safety-system/): Two systems, the first admitting hydrogen only above 750 degrees Celsius with automatic nitrogen purges, two flow meters, an electric ignitor and an off-gas burner for tube furnaces with a gas work tube package or chamber furnaces with an A105 retort up to 50 litres, compatible with the CWF, TF, TS, FHA, FHC, FST, FZS, HTRH and HTRV; the second operates from room temperature with a safety programmable logic controller and touch panel, an 8 bar nitrogen purge tank and water-cooled flanges, using quartz tubes to 1100 degrees Celsius or recrystallised alumina to 1800 degrees Celsius, and always with at least one inert gas. - [Inert gas packages](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/inert-gas-packages/): Flow ranges for tube and chamber furnaces respectively of 1 - 10 and 2 - 26 l/min for air, 1 - 10 and 2 - 27 for nitrogen, 1 - 8 and 2 - 22 for argon, 1.2 - 11 and 2 - 28 for 95 percent nitrogen with 5 percent hydrogen, 1 - 9 and 2 - 23 for 98 percent argon with 2 percent hydrogen, 1 - 8.5 and 2 - 20 for carbon dioxide and 2 - 20 and 2 - 60 for helium, with a standard package comprising a manual ball valve, relief valve, gauge, flow meter and non-return valve with 6 mm inlet and outlet, and an advanced package adding an electrically operated valve switched by a program segment. - [Vacuum pump packages](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/vacuum-pump-packages/): A turbomolecular package of 65 l/s with a rotary vane backing pump and full range gauge reaching 5 x 10-5 mbar in a cold, clean, dry, empty furnace, and a double-stage rotary vane package of 4 m3/h with a Pirani gauge reaching 5 x 10-2 mbar, both including an inert gas package with a nitrogen or argon flowmeter, a vacuum-tight valve, a fast-purge bypass and outlet and overpressure valves. - [Work tube accessories](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/work-tube-accessories/): Ceramic insulation plugs for tubes over 25 mm, radiation shields in metal to 1200 degrees Celsius and ceramic above for vacuum below 10-3 mbar, and stainless end seals for tube outer diameters of 32, 46, 60, 86, 100, 150 and 200 mm with NW16, NW25, NW40 and ISO-K 63 fittings and thermocouple glands of 1.5, 3 and 10 mm; water-cooled seals are available on request. - [Work tube packages](https://www.carbolite.com/products/modified-atmosphere/work-tube-packages/): Four packages covering air, gas atmosphere for inert or hydrogen use, vacuum to 5 x 10-5 mbar in outer diameters of 32, 60, 86, 125, 150 and 200 mm, and low-leakage vacuum with inert gas and a water-cooled flange at 2 to 4 l/min for the FHA, FHC, FST, FZS, HTRH, HTRV and HTRV-A; tube materials are mullite or quartz for the TF, TS and TG at 1200 degrees Celsius, recrystallised alumina or mullite for the TF at 1600 degrees Celsius, mullite or APM for the F-range at 1350 degrees Celsius and recrystallised alumina for the HTRH and HTRV at 1800 degrees Celsius, with a 3 mm type N thermocouple gland to 1200 degrees Celsius and a 10 mm gland above. ## Temperature Controllers - [Furnace and oven controllers](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/): Entry point to the Carbolite controller range from the basic R38 PID and 301 single-ramp controllers through the EPC3016P1 and EPC3008P10 programmable controllers to the CC-T1 and AriesPlus touch screens and the TP 1900 and WinCC programmable logic systems, with the 132 available as independent over-temperature protection. - [132 temperature controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/132-temperature-controller/): Panel-mounted over-temperature protection device with its own thermocouple and LED display that operates a contactor when the set temperature is exceeded, also used where space does not allow a larger controller and as an end-zone slave controller on three-zone tube furnaces; it is specified for unattended operation and valuable loads. - [301 standard controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/301-standard-controllers/): PID controller with a single ramp to set point and a 99 hour process timer offering delayed start or countdown, with a large illuminated display behind a wipe-clean membrane and optional over-temperature protection using an extra thermocouple and circuit; it is the controller fitted to the majority of Carbolite laboratory furnaces and ovens. - [3216 standard and programmable controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/3216-programmable-controllers/): One-sixteenth DIN 48 x 48 mm four-button PID controller in three variants, the 3216P1 with one program of up to 8 ramp and dwell segments, the 3216P5 adding storage for 5 programs and the 3216CC with a single ramp to set point and a 99 hour timer, with high-low deviation, sensor break, event and element failure alarms and optional RS232 or RS485 communications. - [3508 programmable controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/3508-programmable-controllers/): One-eighth DIN 92 x 45 mm four-button PID controller with gain scheduling, in a P1 version with one program of up to 20 segments, a P10 version with up to 10 programs of up to 50 segments and a P25 version with 25 programs and 500 segments in total, segments being ramp, step or dwell, with optional RS232 or RS485, cascade control and event outputs for solenoid valves and door locks. - [AriesPlus touch screen controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/ariesplus-controller/): Seven inch colour capacitive touch screen holding 50 programmes of 99 segments as ramp, step or dwell with relay control, a seven-day scheduler, a live process graph over 48 hours, logging from 10 s intervals downloadable by USB or PC, Ethernet as standard with browser-based remote use needing no software, nine languages, user-level security, autotune and integrated independent over-temperature protection; it is fitted to the AAF, CWF, RHF and RWF chamber furnaces. - [CC-T1 touch screen controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/cc-t1-controller/): Four point three inch colour touch screen holding 10 programs of 24 segments as ramp, step or dwell with relay control, Ethernet as standard, USB logging to CSV, a real time clock with scheduled start, two events, three user levels and eight languages, with a three-zone version offering setpoint retransmission or independent control and options for over-temperature protection, alarm relays, segment events and cascade control. - [EPC3008P10 temperature controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/epc3008p10/): Button-operated programmable controller with 10 programs of 24 segments as ramp, dwell, step, call and end, three relays, Ethernet as standard, a 2.5 inch display, autotune, optional cascade control and gain scheduling on request, in five languages; it is certified for cybersecurity communications robustness and has no clock, USB or data logging. - [EPC3016P1 temperature controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/epc3016p1/): Button-operated programmable controller with one program of 24 segments as ramp, dwell, step, call and end, two relays, Ethernet as standard, a 1.6 inch display and autotune, in five languages; it is the single-program counterpart of the EPC3008P10 and is the controller most widely fitted across the chamber, tube and industrial ranges. - [nanodac recorder, controller and programmer](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/nanodac-record-control-programmer/): Quarter DIN 96 x 96 mm unit with a 3.5 inch 320 x 240 colour display and four channels plus fourteen virtual channels, in record-only, record and control, or record and programmer versions holding 100 programs of 25 segments locally with access to 200 by FTP or USB, 50 MB internal memory or an 8 GB USB stick, CSV or UHH format, USB and FTP over Ethernet and two alarms per channel. - [R38 basic controller](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/r38-basic-controller/): Digital PID controller with a 20 x 50 mm red LED display in a 35 x 78 mm panel-mounted housing, without programs, communications or logging, with an optional extra over-temperature instrument or hydraulic thermostat; it is the entry-level controller for the Peak series ovens. - [TP 1200 touch panel](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/tp-1200/): Twelve inch touch panel built on a Siemens programmable logic controller, giving a detailed overview of furnace status, configuration of an automatic program, smart software for simple processes and a full automatic function, with a pre-program that evacuates the furnace before heat treatment as a safety measure. - [TP 1900 touch panel](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/tp-1900/): Nineteen inch Siemens-based touch panel holding 20 programs of up to 25 segments with CSV export, online changes, mass flow controller support, heated gas outlet, turbopump, hydrogen, partial pressure and sliding thermocouple support, automatic leak testing in overpressure and vacuum and remote access with Siemens software, built on a failsafe programmable logic controller for hydrogen operation; the CC-IPC1900 version adds an industrial computer. - [WinCC control system](https://www.carbolite.com/products/control-options/wincc/): Personal computer based system holding 50 programs of up to 30 segments with logging of all process data and CSV export, supplied with a complete computer for greater flexibility than the TP 1900, with optional remote maintenance. ## Custom Furnaces and Ovens - [Custom designed furnaces and ovens](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/): Entry point to the Carbolite custom engineering capabilities, covering clean room builds for ovens to 700 degrees Celsius and furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius, glove box integration, mesh belt and strand line continuous furnaces, carbon fibre lines, loading and movement concepts, atmosphere and vacuum options and Nadcap AMS 2750 and CQI-9 configuration. - [Continuous heat treatment of carbon fibres](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/carbon-fibre/): Continuous lines treating up to four fibres simultaneously through debinding to 800 degrees Celsius in a metal work tube, pre-sintering to 1300 degrees Celsius in a ceramic tube and sintering to 2200 degrees Celsius in a water-cooled vessel with graphite heaters, with examples including a six-zone FZS 13/100/3000 at 1300 degrees Celsius over a 3000 mm heated length and an eight-zone HTRV-A 16/100/4000 at 1600 degrees Celsius over 4000 mm. - [Combined furnace racks](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/combined-racks/): Stacking and racking of standard furnaces, ovens and control boxes to save floor space, with safe containment for toxic processes, illustrated by three tube furnaces to 1200 degrees Celsius in a safety cabinet, twelve stacked PF 120 ovens configured for Nadcap and three Nadcap ovens on a six-channel chart recorder. - [Fast cooling options](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/fast-cooling/): Five cooling methods, moving the sample to a cool zone, movable insulation panels, ambient air blown into the chamber, air blown around a retort and inert gas through a water-cooled heat exchanger, with the heat exchanger option on HTK vacuum furnaces above 25 litres halving empty-furnace cool-down and an air-cooling option on GLO furnaces above 40 litres; one example cools an LHTM from 1600 degrees Celsius to below 800 degrees Celsius in less than 80 seconds. - [Glove box integration](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/glove-box/): Tube furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius and chamber furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius integrated into glove boxes, with turbo pumps to 1450 degrees Celsius on tube furnaces and 2200 degrees Celsius on chamber furnaces, manual, semi-automatic or programmable logic control and reactive gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water vapour, methane and ethene. - [HMI and PLC control systems](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/hmi-and-plc-control-systems/): Siemens programmable logic control with touch screen, offering the 19 inch TP1900 on an S7-300 with 20 programs of up to 25 segments, WinCC with 50 programs of up to 30 segments and a supplied computer, and the Eurotherm Mini 8 with 12 programs of 16 segments on a 4.3 or 7.5 inch screen, with RS232, RS485, Ethernet and USB links, a safety programmable logic controller for hydrogen and multiple cascade PID control. - [Large industrial ovens and furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/large-industrial-oven-furnace/): Production-scale systems to 3000 degrees Celsius with hard-wearing hearths, higher-rated elements, twin hearth and retort designs, loading trolleys and annual service contracts, illustrated by an elevator hearth furnace at 1300 degrees Celsius, a 1 m3 retort at 1100 degrees Celsius, a coke test oven at 1300 degrees Celsius with a 227 kg load and a twin bogie elevator hearth at 1700 degrees Celsius. - [Advanced loading concepts](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/loading-concepts/): Trays, trolleys and fork lift loading, sliding trays for ovens to 600 degrees Celsius, top, bottom and front loading to 3000 degrees Celsius, a heavy-load option for ovens to 600 degrees Celsius and pneumatic or electric motorised doors, illustrated by an LGP 6/1000 at 600 degrees Celsius, an oven for samples up to 3300 mm long at 200 degrees Celsius and a bottom loader at 2200 degrees Celsius. - [Mesh belt furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/mesh-belt-furnace/): Continuous belt furnaces with a maximum operating temperature of 1100 degrees Celsius using Inconel or steel belts in single or multi-zone configurations with water-cooled zones, counter-flow inert atmospheres, hydrogen capability and oxygen monitoring, configurable to AMS 2750. - [Sample movement and thermal cycling](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/movement/): Systems that move the sample before, during or after heat treatment for thermal cycling, ageing and Bridgman crystal growth at less than 0.1 mm per hour, illustrated by a thermal cycling rig to 1500 degrees Celsius, a TZF 12/38/400 rated for up to 4000 cycles and a paternoster oven with 18 hangers carrying 216 trays. - [Nadcap, AMS 2750 and CQI-9 compliance](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/nadcap-ams-2750-cqi-9/): Explains the Nadcap programme of the Performance Review Institute, SAE AMS 2750 and CQI-9, listing uniformity classes 1 to 6 at plus/minus 3, 5 or 6, 7 or 8, 10, 14 and 28 degrees Celsius and instrumentation types A to E, defining temperature uniformity survey and system accuracy test and noting that a class 1 furnace needs a chamber well above the working volume. - [Viewing ports and windows](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/sample-viewing-ports-windows/): Cable ports of 6, 36 and 48 mm and door windows for ovens to 700 degrees Celsius, viewing, thermocouple and calibration ports for chamber furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius, quartz windows on tube furnaces to 1100 degrees Celsius, sliding thermocouples to 1500 degrees Celsius and pyrometers to 3000 degrees Celsius, the latter standard on vacuum chamber furnaces above 2200 degrees Celsius. - [Sample weighing during heat treatment](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/sample-weighing/): Integral balance options for loss on ignition and thermogravimetric work, including the AAF 11/18 ashing furnace with a balance to 1100 degrees Celsius, the CWF chamber furnace to 1100 degrees Celsius and a balance option under inert gas, illustrated by a retort furnace at 900 degrees Celsius carrying a 250 kg load with 5 g balance accuracy. - [Special atmosphere and ultra high vacuum](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/special-atmosphere-vacuum/): Seven option groups covering inert gas, reactive gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water vapour, methane and ethene, vacuum pumps, partial pressure from 10 to 1000 mbar, afterburners, retorts and silicon carbide tiles, with HTMA ovens to 700 degrees Celsius reaching 50 ppm oxygen, CWF and GPC retorts to 1150 degrees Celsius reaching 30 ppm, HTK furnaces to 2200 degrees Celsius under 100 percent hydrogen and HTRH tube furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius, referencing EN 746-3 and SIL 2. - [Continuous strand line furnaces](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/strand-line-furnaces/): Continuous wire and strand lines in single or multi-lane configurations with up to 8 lanes as standard and up to 22 at maximum, using Inconel or ceramic tubes under inert or reactive gas including cracked ammonia and hydrogen with an optional water quench, illustrated by a two-strand line running at up to 15 m/min. - [Temperature uniformity and heat distribution](https://www.carbolite.com/products/custom-furnaces-ovens/temperature-uniformity-heat/): Design methods for achieving uniformity, including retorts, three-zone and eight-zone tube furnaces, symmetric designs with preheated gas, radiation shields and graphite felt or ceramic fibre insulation, illustrated by an FZS 13/100/4500 with a 4500 mm heated length and a V-L soldering and brazing furnace. ## Heating Applications - [Applications](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/): Entry point to the Carbolite application and industry pages, the application laboratory and the literature list of academic papers citing Carbolite equipment. - [Application laboratory](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/application-laboratory/): Free of charge sample testing at the Carbolite facility in Hope in the United Kingdom, where customers send or bring samples and work alongside the application team across a wide range of heat treatment processes to obtain a personalized instrument recommendation. - [Heating applications overview](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/): Directory of the heating processes Carbolite equipment performs, covering additive manufacturing, annealing, ashing, asphalt binder analysis, calcination, carbon nanotubes, carbonization, coal and coke testing, crystal growth, cupellation and assaying, debinding, drying, graphitization, metal injection moulding, precious metals, pyrolysis, sintering, smelting, technical ceramics, thermocouple calibration and vacuum soldering and brazing. - [Additive manufacturing heat treatment](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/additive-manufacturing/): Direct additive processes such as laser powder bed fusion and electron beam melting require stress relief, while indirect processes such as binder jetting and metal fused deposition require debinding followed by sintering; the page recommends the HTMA at 400 - 700 degrees Celsius in 28 to 1000 litres, the GPCMA retort at 1000 - 1150 degrees Celsius reaching 30 ppm oxygen for direct metal laser sintered parts, the V-L at 1050 degrees Celsius for titanium alloy stress relief, the GLO to 1300 degrees Celsius for thermal debinding and sintering and the HTK at 1600 - 2200 degrees Celsius for indirect additive manufacturing. - [Calcination](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/calcination/): Calcination heats material in a supply of air or oxygen, with calcium carbonate decomposing to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide above 900 degrees Celsius and processes running up to 1500 degrees Celsius; recommended equipment includes the AAF at 1100 degrees Celsius, the CWF at 1100 - 1300 degrees Celsius, the GPC at 1200 - 1300 degrees Celsius in 131 to 400 litres, the RHF at 1400 - 1600 degrees Celsius and the TSO and TSR rotary furnaces for continuous powder processing. - [Carbon nanotubes](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/carbon-nanotubes/): Heat treatment above 2000 degrees Celsius removes structural defects in carbon nanotubes, and single-walled nanotubes convert to double- and multi-walled forms between 2000 and 2800 degrees Celsius in argon with inner diameters above 0.9 nm; the LHT GR graphite laboratory furnace to 3000 degrees Celsius is recommended where carbon in the atmosphere is acceptable. - [Cupellation and assaying](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/cupellation-assaying/): Fire assay by cupellation determines precious metal purity to ISO 11426 as applied by assay offices under the Vienna Convention on hallmarking, using the CF cupellation furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius in 10 to 43 litres with silicon carbide elements, preheated airflow, a lead-condensate container and a seven-day timer, charging 15, 24 or 50 size 8 cupels or 24, 32 or 72 size 6 cupels, with the SCF smelting furnace for the melting stage. - [Loss on ignition, loss on drying and thermogravimetric analysis](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/loi-lod-tga/): Loss on ignition is measured on sediment, sludge, soil, waste, cement, lime, calcined bauxite and refractories, and loss on drying measures moisture content; the page covers the AAF-BAL ashing furnace with an integral balance, the IOR iron ore reducibility furnace with a balance and an HTMA oven with continuous sample weighing under inert atmosphere. - [Liquid silicon infiltration](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/siliconization/): Liquid silicon infiltration of porous carbon-carbon materials exploits the 1414 degrees Celsius melting point of silicon in a furnace designed for up to 2000 degrees Celsius, preceded by a pyrolysis and debinding step at 400 - 600 degrees Celsius under partial pressure with an inert purge; the three-zone HTBL 80 GR bottom loader with a roots pump is the reference configuration, producing carbon-carbon, carbon-carbon silicon carbide and silicon carbide materials. - [Sintering](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/sintering/): Sintering consolidates powder below the melting point under protective atmosphere or vacuum, using the HTK at 1600 degrees Celsius in molybdenum or 2200 degrees Celsius in tungsten, the HBO hood furnace, the HTBL bottom loader and the three-zone HTK 120 with uniformity better than plus/minus 5 K and debinding under partial pressure; zirconia transforms from monoclinic to tetragonal above 1170 degrees Celsius and to cubic near 2370 degrees Celsius. - [Vacuum soldering and brazing](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/heating-applications/vacuum-brazing-vacuum-soldering/): Soldering uses fillers melting below 450 degrees Celsius and brazing above 450 degrees Celsius, with the GLO to 1000 degrees Celsius in 400 litres at 10-6 mbar, the V-L to 1100 degrees Celsius in 95 litres, the HBO to 1600 degrees Celsius in 60 litres, the FST and FZS to 1300 degrees Celsius and the TF and TS to 1450 degrees Celsius, achieving control of plus/minus 0.5 K, uniformity better than plus/minus 5 K and a leak rate below 10-3 mbar l/s; fillers include tin-lead, tin-silver-copper, silver, copper-zinc, aluminium-silicon and nickel alloys. - [Technical ceramics](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/technical-ceramics/): Debinding removes organic binder and sintering densifies ceramic components up to 1800 degrees Celsius, using the AAF from room temperature to 650 degrees Celsius, a thermogravimetric furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius in 17 litres, the HTF at 1800 degrees Celsius, the TF at 1100 - 1600 degrees Celsius, the RHF at 1400 - 1600 degrees Celsius and the HB top hat at 1300 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 80 to 514 litres, under oxidising, reducing or inert atmosphere with an afterburner for volatiles boiling below 20 degrees Celsius and a condensate trap above; documented trials show 13 hours of debinding in air with 9.5 percent mass loss. ## Industries - [Industries overview](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/): Directory of the industries Carbolite serves, covering aerospace, automotive, ceramics and glass, chemicals and plastics, power generation and energy, electronics, food and feed, materials research, medical devices and pharmaceuticals, academic research and steel and metal. - [Materials research](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/advanced-materials/): Furnaces for advanced materials work including carbon nanotubes, graphene, synthetic bone hydroxyapatite and chemical vapour deposition, across the oven, chamber, tube, vacuum and application-specific ranges. - [Aerospace](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/aerospace/): Heat treatment configured to AMS 2750 within a Nadcap environment, covering the LHT, HT, CR, HTCR and HTMA ovens from 250 to 700 degrees Celsius, the RHF, HTF, BLF, SBCF, HB and HRF chamber furnaces from 750 to 1800 degrees Celsius, the TG tube furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius and the HTK, HBO, HTBL, LHTM, LHT GR and V-L vacuum furnaces from 1050 to 3000 degrees Celsius, plus the PTC calibration furnace. - [Automotive](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/automotive/): Heat treatment for car component manufacture and motorsport configured for CQI-9 audited environments. - [Ceramics and glass](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/ceramics-glass/): Debinding at lower temperature followed by sintering up to 1800 degrees Celsius, using the RHF at 1400 - 1600 degrees Celsius in 3 to 35 litres reaching 1400 degrees Celsius in 40 minutes, the EBO at 150 degrees Celsius in 120 to 250 litres, the HTF at 1700 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 4 to 64 litres with type B thermocouples and the HB top hat at 1600 - 1800 degrees Celsius in 80 to 560 litres. - [Chemicals and plastics](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/chemistry-plastics/): Ashing and the sintering of thermoluminescent dosimeters, using the PN and PF ovens at 300 degrees Celsius, the LHT and HT at 400 - 700 degrees Celsius, the HTMA controlled atmosphere oven, the ELF, CWF, RWF, AAF and GSM chamber furnaces from 1100 to 1300 degrees Celsius, the TF, TS, TG, TSR and TSO tube furnaces and the HTRV-A at 1600 - 1700 degrees Celsius, with the MTT for carbon-14 and tritium work. - [Electronics and energy](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/energy-electronics/): Burn-in and stress testing on the PN, PF and GP ovens and fuel cell manufacture on top hat and walking beam furnaces, across the LHT, HT, CR, HTCR and HTMA ovens, the ELF, CWF, RWF, RHF, HTF, BLF, HB and GLO chamber furnaces, the TF, TS and TG tube furnaces, the HTK, HTK KE, HBO, HTBL, LHTM, LHT GR and V-L vacuum furnaces and the HTRH-H2 hydrogen tube furnace to 1600 degrees Celsius. - [Food and feed](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/food-feed/): Ashing in air to determine total mineral content or heavy metals, using the AAF at 1100 degrees Celsius in 3 to 7 litres to ISO 1171, ASTM D3174 and ASTM D4422, the GSM quartz-chamber furnace at 1100 degrees Celsius in 8 litres, the ABF afterburner furnace at 800 degrees Celsius in 28 litres and the PF, PN, HT, ELF, CWF, RWF, TF, TS and TG for drying and lower-temperature stages. - [Medical devices and pharmaceuticals](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/medicine-pharma/): Equipment from ambient to 3000 degrees Celsius for regulated environments, referencing FDA 21 CFR Part 11, ISO 14644-1 classes 5 to 8, BS 5295 grades E to K, Federal Standard 209E classes 100 to 100,000 and UKAS, with IQ, OQ and PQ qualification on request; the range covers the PF, LHT, GP, HT, CR and HTCR ovens from 250 to 700 degrees Celsius and vacuum furnaces such as an HTK 80 MO at 1400 degrees Celsius in 80 litres at 5 x 10-6 mbar, with custom cleanroom ovens up to 1800 litres. - [Academic research](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/research-academia/): Furnaces and ovens for university and institute laboratories, with secure data logging and remote connectivity over Ethernet. - [Steel and metallurgy](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/industries/steel-metallurgy/): Heat treatment and precious metal processing, using the ABF at 800 degrees Celsius in 28 litres, the CF cupellation furnace at 1200 degrees Celsius, the SCF smelting furnace at 1400 degrees Celsius taking 8 crucibles of 120 mm by 180 mm or 48 of 79 mm by 97 mm, the HRF for hardening and tempering configured to AMS 2750, the GLO for soft annealing under vacuum to 750 degrees Celsius or inert and reactive gas to 1100 degrees Celsius, the HTK to 2200 degrees Celsius for ultra-high vacuum, hydrogen partial pressure and ammonia nitriding, and the TF, TS and TG tube furnaces. - [Literature list of academic papers](https://www.carbolite.com/applications/literature/): Index of around 60 published papers that cite Carbolite equipment, each listing the products used, filterable by topic across additive manufacturing, alloy investigation, batteries, calcination, carbonization, crystal growth, chemical vapour deposition, metal injection moulding, liquid silicon infiltration and technical ceramics. ## Service and Support - [Local contact](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/): Country selector returning the responsible Carbolite subsidiary or distributor from a network covering more than 100 countries. - [General request form](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/contact-form/): Form for a free consultation, a quotation or a general enquiry, routed to the responsible Carbolite subsidiary or distributor. - [Online product demonstration](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/online-product-demo/): Remote video demonstration of a Carbolite furnace or oven by an application expert, booked through the contact form. - [Online warranty registration](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/online-warranty/): Registration form for the warranty on a newly purchased Carbolite furnace or oven. - [Service contract form](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/service-contract-form/): Quotation request for a Carbolite service contract. - [Service offerings](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/service-offerings/): Covers international engineer visits, preventive maintenance packages, product health checks, repairs and refurbishment, calibration at single or multiple positions from plus 50 to plus 1600 degrees Celsius, temperature uniformity surveys to AMS 2750 and spare parts with a 48 hour response, with United Kingdom preventive maintenance agreements fixing prices for up to three years. - [Service request form](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/service-offerings/service-form/): Form for requesting technical service and after-sales support, quoting the instrument serial number; routine maintenance procedures are documented in the operating manuals. - [Spare parts request](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/service-offerings/spares-form/): Request form for spare parts, supplied from the original manufacturing data for the specific serial number, together with preventive maintenance kits. - [Verder technical service](https://www.carbolite.com/contact-services/technical-service/): Single services covering preventive maintenance, repair, calibration, IQ, OQ and PQ qualification, training and installation, or two service plans on a two year contract for standard laboratory products, Basic with a 24 month warranty and 7.5 percent discount on wear parts and Advanced with a 36 month warranty, prioritized treatment and 15 percent discount, with the warranty applying where the plan is signed within 12 months of purchase and price stability for at least two years; the plans are not available in all countries. ## Company - [About Carbolite](https://www.carbolite.com/company/): Carbolite was founded in 1938 in Hope, Derbyshire in the United Kingdom and became a limited company in 1956, joining the Verder Group in 2012; Gero, established in Neuhausen near Stuttgart, Germany in 1982, was acquired in 2013 and the two were combined in 2015. The Hope site builds ovens from ambient to 700 degrees Celsius and tube and chamber furnaces to 1800 degrees Celsius and the Neuhausen site builds furnaces to 3000 degrees Celsius; the company reports more than 100,000 installed products, over 210 employees, more than 90 partners and customers in over 100 countries, and sits within Verder Scientific alongside Eltra, QATM, Retsch, Microtrac and Erweka. - [Code of business principles](https://www.carbolite.com/company/code-of-conduct/): The Verder code of business principles covering standard of conduct, obeying the law, employees, business partners, community involvement, the environment, innovation, competition, bribery, conflicts of interest and compliance reporting. - [Company video](https://www.carbolite.com/company/company-video/): Video presenting the Carbolite company profile, manufacturing sites and approach to heat technology. - [Jobs and careers](https://www.carbolite.com/company/jobs/): Vacancies at Carbolite Limited in Hope, Derbyshire and across the Verder Group, which employs over 2000 people worldwide, with applications handled under an equal opportunities policy and applicant records retained for a maximum of six months. ## Documents and Downloads - [Downloads](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/): Entry point to Carbolite brochures, application reports, videos, on-demand webinars, operating manuals and certificates. - [Application reports and technical articles](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/application-reports/): Technical articles and application reports documenting furnace configuration, process parameters and results for specific heat treatment problems. - [Brochures](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/brochures/): The main catalogue, the introduction to furnaces and ovens and industry-specific documents for the Carbolite range. - [Certificates, conditions and other documents](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/miscellaneous/): Certificates, declarations and terms and conditions for Carbolite. - [Operating manuals](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/operating-manuals/): Searchable database of operating manuals filterable by product, model and controller, with PDFs in up to nine languages including English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Czech; manuals for discontinued models are available on request. - [Videos](https://www.carbolite.com/downloads/videos/): Product videos, animations and controller tutorials for the Carbolite range. ## News and Events - [Latest news](https://www.carbolite.com/news/): Press releases and product news from Carbolite, including new furnace ranges, partner appointments and company announcements, with an archive of earlier items. - [Dates and events](https://www.carbolite.com/news/dates-events/): Trade fairs, exhibitions and conferences at which Carbolite exhibits, filterable by event type and country, with dates, locations and stand numbers. - [Seminars and webinars](https://www.carbolite.com/news/seminars-webinars/): Upcoming seminars and webinars plus an on-demand library covering tube furnaces, ashing, additive manufacturing, metal injection moulding, battery applications and coke testing, available on request. - [Newsletter](https://www.carbolite.com/news/newsletter/): Subscription to the Carbolite newsletter on events, applications and product innovations, and optionally to the Eltra, Erweka, Microtrac, QATM and Retsch newsletters of the other Verder Scientific brands. ## Language Versions - [English](https://www.carbolite.com/llms.txt): This file, covering the English version of the Carbolite website. - [Deutsch](https://www.carbolite.com/de/llms.txt): German version of this file for the German Carbolite website. - [Français](https://www.carbolite.com/fr/llms.txt): French version of this file for the French Carbolite website. - [Español](https://www.carbolite.com/es/llms.txt): Spanish version of this file for the Spanish Carbolite website. - [Italiano](https://www.carbolite.com/it/llms.txt): Italian version of this file for the Italian Carbolite website. - [Nederlands](https://www.carbolite.com/nl/llms.txt): Dutch version of this file for the Dutch Carbolite website. - [Português](https://www.carbolite.com/pt/llms.txt): Portuguese version of this file for the Portuguese Carbolite website. - [Polski](https://www.carbolite.com/pl/llms.txt): Polish version of this file for the Polish Carbolite website. - [Magyar](https://www.carbolite.com/hu/llms.txt): Hungarian version of this file for the Hungarian Carbolite website. - [Română](https://www.carbolite.com/ro/llms.txt): Romanian version of this file for the Romanian Carbolite website. - [Русский](https://www.carbolite.com/ru/llms.txt): Russian version of this file for the Russian Carbolite website. - [日本語](https://www.carbolite.com/jp/llms.txt): Japanese version of this file for the Japanese Carbolite website. - [中文](https://www.carbolite-gero.cn/llms.txt): Chinese version of this file for the Chinese Carbolite website at carbolite-gero.cn. ## Optional - [Imprint](https://www.carbolite.com/siteservice/imprint/): Legal disclosure for the Carbolite website. - [Terms and conditions](https://www.carbolite.com/siteservice/terms-conditions/): General terms and conditions of Carbolite.